Equivalent Lengths of Columns for Various End Conditions
| S.No. | Type | Effective Length of member I |
| 1. | Effectively held in position and restrained in direction at both ends. | 0.67L |
| 2. | Effectively held in position at both ends and restrained in direction at one end. | 0.85L |
| 3. | Effectively held in position at both ends but not restrained in direction | L |
| 4. | Effectively held in position and restrained in direction at one end and at the other end effectively restrained in direction but not held in position | L |
| 5. | Effectively held in position and restrained in direction at one end and at the other end partially restrained in direction but not held in position. | 1.5L |
| 6. | Effectively held in position and restrained in direction at one end but not held in position or restrained in direction at the other end. | 2.0L |
Note : L is the actual length of the member measured between the centres of effective lateral supports.
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